Richard Carrier has confidently stated that in some of the comments on his blog he has ârefutedâ âmostâ of my critique of his claims about a pre-Christian Dying Messiah (he says so here and here). I read his comments, and all I can say is, ârefuted,â eh? Perhaps he just doesnât know the meaning of the word. Allow me to demonstrate for Carrierâs sake what a refutation looks like.
A FALSE DICHOTOMY
Before we get into his ârefutationsâ of my criticisms, I want to comment on something else he said in one of his threads. He wrote:
This entails a catch-22: either a dying-and-rising personal-savior son-of-god was an obvious âfulfillment of all the Old Testament covenantal promises through the long-awaited Jewish Messiahâ (and therefore already Jewish and thus not a unique Christian development, contra Ehrman) or it was borrowed from pagans (where it existed widely and publicly all around and among the Jewish towns and diaspora communities). Take your pick.
This is what renowned philosophers like Carrier refer to as a false dichotomy. Carrier presents two alternatives as if they are the only ones, and itâs a win-win for him, because he actually argues for both alternatives (he argues that some pre-Christian Jews expected a dying Messiah, and he argues that the dying/rising god idea was borrowed by Christians from Greco-Roman mythologies). The problem is, thereâs a third alternative. The third alternative is the one argued for by Jewish scholar Daniel Boyarin in his recently published book, The Jewish Gospels, in a chapter entitled, âThe Suffering of Christ as a Midrash on Daniel.â Now some who apparently havenât read the chapter are hailing this as a vindication of Carrierâs Dying Messiah thesis. Well, Iâve read it, and it isnât. What it is, however, is a third alternative to Carrierâs false dichotomy above (and despite Boyarinâs rhetoric, it isnât really original to him). What Boyarin argues (quite rightly) is that even though we donât see the idea of a dying messiah in pre-Christian Jewish texts, that doesnât mean itâs uncharacteristically Jewish.
He argues this in two ways: (1) The Talmud speaks of a suffering Messiah, so we canât really say itâs not at home in Jewish thinking. But of course, as he notes, these ideas didnât circulate among some Jews until a few centuries after Christianity. (2) The hermeneutical methods that Jewish Christians used to establish their idea of the dying Messiah were thoroughly Jewish methods, employed in their own day by other Jews. Now, donât mistake that for a claim that other Jews pre-dating or contemporaneous with Christians developed the idea of a dying Messiah. He rightly avers that this idea was probably a Christian innovation. What (and all) heâs arguing is that the interpretive methods Jewish Christians employed to come up with this idea from their scriptures were the same interpretive methods employed by many Jews in their day to come up with different ideas about whatever. His argument is simply that the hermeneutic which produced a âdying Messiahâ from the Hebrew Bible was a Jewish, not a non-Jewish, hermeneutic. Itâs in that sense that Boyarin says that the idea of a dying Messiah is perfectly Jewish.
So Carrier confidently presents this false dichotomy, and itâs almost as if he believes the claims made by Jesus in the Gospels (in a post-resurrection appearance of all places!):
âOh, how foolish you are, and how slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have declared! Was it not necessary that the Messiah should suffer these things and then enter into his glory?â Then beginning with Moses and all the prophets, he interpreted to them the things about himself in all the scriptures. (Luke 24:25-27)
Jesus is like, âHow could you not see that the Old Testament says the messiah would die, numbskulls!â Carrier is making the same statement. But of course, this is simply propaganda from the perspective of those who do read the texts that way and are trying to convince others to read them that way as well. In reality, most good scholars have rightly maintained for quite some time now that it wasnât at all obvious to Jews from their scriptures that the Messiah would die, until it became âobviousâ to one sect of Jews who were dealing with some cognitive dissonance, but at the same time that early Christians were authentically Jewish interpreters. And I mean, Carrier knows this is what scholars argue, so I am left scratching my head as to why he would lay out this false dichotomy as if it were Gospel.
One caveat: donât hear me saying that there isnât any syncretism in the Epistles and the Gospels. There obviously is quite a bit of that. And Carrier has that side of things basically right. Syncretism doesnât mean they were selling out their Jewishness. It was a way of competing in the marketplace of religions. They took ideas, put Jewish vernacular on them, and conformed them to their own scripts, and so evolved the religion. (Thatâs my way of putting it, but Iâve read Carrier make similar statements in places.) This was of course taking place in the Hebrew Bible as well. I mean, every religion that has ever existed is syncretistic to some extent. Whether, of course, the idea of a dying and rising god found in non-Jewish mythologies was applied to Jesus is its own question, and I havenât been persuaded by the arguments that it is.
For starters, I donât believe early followers of Jesus believed he was God at all. I donât think Paul thought Jesus was God either (and here Carrier assumes a reading of Philippians 2 that is heavily contested by serious Paul scholars like Jimmy Dunn et al.). Moreover, Jewish belief in resurrection, coupled with some experiences that Jesusâ disciples interpreted within their apocalyptic matrix, is more than sufficient to explain how the idea that the messiah would die and rise emerged among them. Maybe there was some conscious or unconscious influence by certain non-Jewish myths, but we have no good evidence that there was, and there is enough already to explain this phenomenon without recourse to such influences. Of course, I wonât be upset or shocked if I become convinced otherwise. Like I said, I already believe that early Christianity was syncretistic in some ways. I just donât think at the moment that it was (or must have been) on this particular issue. Just because an idea developed that was similar to some other ideas already developed doesnât automatically mean the later development was derived in any significant way from the earlier ones. While there may be no original ideas, that doesnât mean thereâs no such thing as independent thinking.
TARGUM OF JONATHAN
Carrier claims he has ârefutedâ my critique of his use of the Targum of Jonathan. The response he has given in the comment threads on his blog, however, does not address my actual criticism. Hereâs what he has written to ârefuteâ me:
I didnât claim the Targum passage supported the dying messiah theme, but that it supported a variant reading of this passage that recognized it as about the Christ. In other words, it is evidence that some pre-Christian Jews were already seeing this as a messianic passage. It thus corroborates what we see in the Melchizedek pesher, which does not cite this Targum, but the original Biblical text; yet like the Targum, it too clearly recognizes it as messianic.
A commenter responded to Carrier:
Itâs pretty clear from the Google cache of your Dying Messiah blog post that you meant for the Targum to be an example of Jews associating the Suffering Servant with the Messiah. Thatâs especially clear when you begin by discussing the Talmudic interpretation of Isaiah 53 as being about how âthe messiah was expected to endure great suffering before his triumph,â and then segued from this to the Targum by saying, âBut one might claim that this, being a late text, could reflect a late belief. Well, for such doubters we have even better evidence to add.â Itâs only after McGrath brought up the issue of what the Targum actually said about the Messiah that you brought up the matter yourself in the comments, and then later altered your blog post to make a note of it.
Indeed, and as I noted in my first critique of Carrier, his response to McGrath seemed to indicate that he was previously unaware of the content of the Targum. He said, âI have no opinion on that (Iâm assuming you conclude this by come means other than retroactive telepathy.)â In other words, Carrier didnât know what the Targum actually said in its content; he just knew it added the word âMessiahâ to its âtranslationâ (wrong), âtextual variantâ (wrong), midrashic paraphrase (right, but not Carrierâs description).
Thatâs fine. But then he goes on over a month later and tells a commenter that he knows the Targum doesnât support a picture of dying messiah, and he says thatâs why he didnât explicitly cite it as such. Even if he isnât lying here (and it seems to me he is, but I donât really care either way), he still misses the point that his argument was very misleading and sounded a great deal like he was using it as evidence for a pre-Christian dying messiah.
So the commenter above points out these inconsistences, and Carrier responds:
An example of associating the man there described with the messiah, yes. I never said anything about the Targum talking about a dying messiah. I only used it as evidence that the passage was understood by some Jews then as messianic. You shouldnât read into my words what isnât there. Especially since I made the meaning clear when asked about it (and have now added a link to that so there can be no mistake).
Right. Itâs our fault that he was misleading. Nevertheless, if Carrier thinks this refutes my critique of his use of this targum, I guess that means he didnât read my critique of his use of this targum. Hereâs what my critique actually was:
If thatâs the point, itâs entirely moot in an article trying to show that some pre-Christian Jews believed in a suffering and dying messiah. This targum is clearly not evidence for this; in fact, it is evidence of precisely the contrary. Itâs not enough just to show that some saw Isaiah 52-53 as a messianic text. In this period, virtually any text could be read as messianic. Their hermeneutic wasnât exactly a science. What matters is what the interpretation says about the character of the messiah, and clearly, in this case, the messiah is characterized as a conquering warrior who does not suffer or die, but rather inflicts suffering and death on his enemies. Carrier just needs to admit that he should not have used this targum as evidence.
. . . .
My argument is not just that Targum Jonathan doesnât support the dying Messiah thesis. My argument is that Carrierâs point that it shows that some Jews saw Isaiah 52 as messianic is totally useless. . . . The point is this: almost any text could be read as messianic in the Second Temple period. Thatâs not news. What matters is how they characterized the messiah when they interpreted their texts, and clearly Targum Jonathan doesnât support a dying Messiah tradition. The point Carrier wishes to make with this text is so trivial as to be useless, but he presents it as if it helps his case. It really doesnât. Itâs kind of like padding a bibliography. Itâs possible some read Isaiah 52 as referring to a dying messiah, but we have no evidence that anybody did. Thatâs the point. Carrier is trying to make something out of nothing.
Carrier hasnât responded to this, and I can only imagine what his response would be. Maybe, âNuh-uh!â Or something to that effect.
DANIEL 9 AND THE MELCHIZEDEK SCROLL
Now, with all due respect to Carrier (whom I really do agree with on quite a lot, and from whom I really have learned quite a lot), Iâm about to give him an education.
For Christsâ Sake, Read a Book
[24]Seventy weeks are decreed for your people and your holy city: to finish the transgression, to put an end to sin, and to atone for iniquity, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal both vision and prophet, and to anoint a most holy place. [25]Know therefore and understand: from the time that the word went out to restore and rebuild Jerusalem until the time of an anointed prince, there shall be seven weeks; and for sixty-two weeks it shall be built again with streets and moat, but in a troubled time. [26]After the sixty-two weeks, an anointed one shall be cut off and shall have nothing, and the troops of the prince who is to come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary. Its end shall come with a flood, and to the end there shall be war. Desolations are decreed.[27]He shall make a strong covenant with many for one week, and for half of the week he shall make sacrifice and offering cease; and in their place shall be an abomination that desolates, until the decreed end is poured out upon the desolator. (Dan 9:24-27, NRSV)
Now, when I said earlier that Carrier said he had refuted most of my arguments in his blog threads, what that meant was that he had ârefutedâ similar (though not always identical) arguments made by one or two commenters on his blog. In one of those threads, Carrier argues back and forth with somebody named J. J. Ramsey over whether Daniel 9:25 and 9:26 are referring to two different âanointed onesâ or one and the same âanointed one.â Ramsey argues there are two âanointed onesâ; Carrier that there is only one. This is important because if 9:25 is talking about a completely different anointed one than 9:26, then the anointed one in 9:25 isnât âcut offâ (i.e., executed). That means that 11Q13, if it originally quoted 9:25 (ant not v. 26), is certainly not making any reference to an executed âmessiah.â Carrier must defend his reading at all costs. He writes:
Every expert concludes there is no other passage that can complete the fragment except one of the two Christ verses in Daniel 9 (and it doesnât matter which one it is, since both are adjacent verses constituting the same passage and speaking of the same person). . . . It doesnât matter which part is being referenced. . . . Itâs the same Christ spoken of in both.
While itâs true that every expert concludes that only vv. 25 or 26 of Daniel 9 can be the ones referenced in the original composition of 11Q13, it is certainly not true that, for those same experts, âit doesnât matter which one it is, since both are . . . speaking of the same person.â In fact, as Carrier was clearly entirely unaware, the vast majority of critical scholars have always identified, and to this day identify, the âanointed onesâ in v. 25 and v. 26 as two separate people, removed in time by hundreds of years. Weâll get to that.
But first, Ramsey responds:
Itâs not clear at all that the âanointed princeâ and the later âanointed oneâ are one and the same. They are separated by sixty-two âweeksâ [of years]. . . . Also, the expert opinion seems to be that the âanointed princeâ was originally referring to either Zerubbabel or high priest Joshua, and the later âanointed oneâ is referring to the high priest Onias III.
Ramsey is 100% correct. So of course, hereâs Carrierâs informed response:
Really? Thatâs what youâre going with? Thatâs how desperate you are to deny the obvious, that you are now acting like a Christian fundamentalist and making the Bible say exactly the opposite of what it obviously says and what everyone in history has until now understood it to say? That pretty much shows which of us is correct here. That you have to stoop to thatâŚ
Which when translated means: âI have no idea what the hell Iâm talking about, but by God I know Iâm right!â
Note that Carrier says, âwhat everyone in history has until now understood it to say.â In other words, Carrier is utterly unaware that the majority of scholars have long argued precisely what Carrier says no one in history has ever been stupid enough to argue until Ramsey.
Oops.
Ramseyâs response is appropriately dismissive:
You say Iâm like a fundamentalist because I find it credible that two anointed ones spaced over sixty [times seven] years apart are not the same person and then point to a common critical interpretation to bolster my case.
I suppose that I could put up another long response, going point-by-point, but itâs getting tiring, and you are already putting up red flags.
Red flags indeed.
Hereâs another informed response from Carrier:
Now I have no idea what you are talking about. What do you mean by âtwo anointed ones spaced over sixty [times seven] years apartâ? When did that come up here?
When did that come up here? Hmmm. Let me see. Shall we quote what Ramsey had just said in the comment directly prior to this one? âItâs not clear at all that the âanointed princeâ and the later âanointed oneâ are one and the same. They are separated by sixty-two âweeksâ [of years].â Oh. Right. Thatâs where it came up. Carrier once again displays his superlative reading comprehension.
And you have yet to cite a single scholar as supporting anything you have argued against me, so what you mean by âa common critical interpretationâ remains mysterious.
Yes, I can see how that would be a big mystery, to someone who hasnât read the scholarly literature on Daniel. You know, someone like Carrier.
Ramseyâs reply is polite:
Sorry, that should be 60 x 7 seven years apart, or to be precise 62 x 7 years apart. My bad. I was a bit slow to figure out what exactly the âweeksâ meant.
But Carrier is still confused:
That doesnât help. What âtwo anointed onesâ are you talking about that are hundreds of years apart?
Carrier is totally lost.
Ramsey continues:
Good grief! Itâs in my quote of Daniel 9:25-26, NRSV translation. The JPS translations render the text in a similar fashion. Itâs the translations that try to render Daniel 9 as messianic (e.g. the NIV) that have only one Messiah after 69 âweeks,â rather than an anointed prince after seven âweeksâ and an anointed one 62 âweeksâ after that.
And you have yet to cite a single scholar as supporting anything you have argued against me, so what you mean by âa common critical interpretationâ remains mysterious.
Ehrman himself got it from Louis Hartman. As for me, I first found it in a more humble source: a HarperCollins Study Bible, and as far as I can tell, Hartman is not one of its contributors. Judging, too, from the JPS translations, that critical interpretation is indeed common.
Ramsey is correct here. The NIV, which is a conservative Evangelical translation, does mistranslate the passage in such a way as to identify only one âanointed one.â They do this, of course, because they believe it is speaking about Jesus. The way they mistranslate it is by adding the definite article (âtheâ) before âanointed oneâ as it occurs in both vv. 25 and 26. But of course in both the Hebrew and in the LXX Greek, there is no definite article prior to âanointed one.â It should be rendered in both cases, âan anointed one.â The NRSV and the JPS (among others) have it correct here.
And note that Ramsey has cited two scholars in support of a two-messiah reading: Bart Ehrman, and Louis Hartman. He also cites his critical HarperCollins Study Bible, which is one of the two best critical study Bibles available (the other being the Oxford Annotated). With the majority of scholars, it identifies the âanointed oneâ in 9:25 with either Joshua or Zerubbabel (two leaders commissioned by Cyrus to restore worship in Jerusalem after the Babylonian exile, both of whom are identified as âanointed onesâ in Zechariah 4). The commentary for Daniel in the HarperCollins Study Bible was written by Pamela J. Milne. So thatâs three scholars Carrier must think are âacting like Christian fundamentalistsâ and who also clearly donât qualify to be included within the ranks of âeveryone in history.â
Carrierâs response:
I donât know who [sic] you are reading. Try the leading expert: Lacocque.
There are so many things to say in response to these two sentences. I donât know where to begin. I guess Iâll start with the first sentence. âI donât know who you are reading.â Really? Because I thought Ramsey had just plainly stated whom he was readingâEhrman, Hartman, the HarperCollins NRSV Study Bible, and the Jewish Publication Society Bible. Or does Carrier mean that heâs never heard of them?
Second sentence: First, with Lacocqueâs name, Carrier linked Ramsey to the Amazon page for Lacocqueâs commentary on Daniel, published in 1979 (33 years ago), and now out of print. Second, Carrier refers to AndrĂŠ Lacocque as âthe leading expert.â Which when translated means, âI donât know who the leading experts on Daniel are.â Lacocque wrote on a number of subjects, and two books on Daniel, the last of which was published 24 years ago. Is Lacocque important? Of course! Did he do good work? Yes he did. Is he the âleading expertâ? Not really. His work is dated. His theory of the seventy weeks in Daniel 9 is often referenced, but seldom followed. If anybody is âthe leading expertâ on Daniel, itâs John J. Collins, who wrote the commentary on Daniel for the Hermeneia series, and has written and edited several other volumes just on Daniel, not to mention many, many books on Apocalyptic Judaism which include sections on Daniel, and dozens of journal articles on Daniel. But there are so many working in Daniel today whose work is superior to Lacocqueâs, Iâm just astounded here. No disrespect at all to Lacocque. But what Carrier has displayed is his staggering ignorance of the state of the field heâs trying to navigate. The poverty (or total lack?) of his education in the field is, of course, amply made up for by overconfident and condescending rhetoric and assertions. Anyway, Carrier clearly hasnât read the Daniel work of Collins or Fitzmyer or a dozen other Daniel scholars I could name off the top of my head, because if he had, he would not have been utterly confused when Ramsey noted that critical scholars identify two separate anointed ones in vv. 25 and 26 of Daniel 9, nor I assume would he have said that âeveryone in historyâ until Ramsey has seen only one messiah there.
But thereâs another huge irony in all of this, with reference to Carrierâs appeal to Lacocque here. Weâll address that later, but keep it in your pocket for when the time comes.
Continuing with Carrierâs response:
The text says âthere shall be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks,â not âseven weeks.â The same anointed one is meant in both verses. This is obvious in the LXX. And again, the Jews who translated the LXX knew Hebrew better than you do (and better than the translators of the RSV, apparently, which I suppose is your source; try the ASV, KJV, NIV, and the VulgateâŚJerome being yet another person who knew Hebrew better than you do). This is obvious from the original intended meaning (this was supposed to be Onias III, not two different guys).
Woe is me. Time for another teachable moment.
First, Carrier says, âThe text says, âthere shall be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks,â not âseven weeks.ââ Actually, Ramsey didnât say the text said merely, âseven weeks.â What heâs saying is that the NRSV and the JPS put a sentence break between âseven weeks [of years]â and âsixty-two weeks [of years].â And they are correct in doing so, for a number of reasons, most of which weâll get to later, but one of which Iâll mention now, and it is grammatical. If Carrier knew Hebrew and had a copy of the Masoretic Text that he was able to read, heâd see that the Masoretes put whatâs called an atnach between the âseven weeksâ and the âsixty-two weeks.â An atnach is the strongest disjunctive punctuation marker in MT Hebrew. What that means is that the Masoretes (who knew Hebrew better than any of the ciphers Carrier listed, and certainly better than Carrier) stipulated that there should be a sentence break between the two sets of numbers. Thus, the NRSV and the JPS agree with the Masoretic Hebrew Text and have it right.
Second, no. The Jews who translated the LXX did not necessarily know Hebrew better than the translators of the RSV or NRSV. And here Iâm quoting from the Introduction to the 1998 edition of the Brenton LXX:
The variety of the translators is proved by the unequal character of the version: some books show that the translators were by no means competent to the task, while others, on the contrary, exhibit on the whole a careful translation. The Pentateuch is considered to be the part the best executed, while the book of Isaiah appears to be the very worst. (iii)
So, no, the translators of the LXX did not necessarily know Hebrew better than modern scholars, who have much more available to them than did some diaspora Jews translating away on a secluded island (if that part of the story is to be believed). But when it comes specifically to the book of Daniel, this whole point is moot, but Iâm saving that tidbit for last.
Third, Carrier suggests we try the âASV, KJV, NIV, and the Vulgate.â (!) Itâs almost as if Carrierâs credentials have nothing to do with biblical studies. The ASV was a translation produced between 1872 and 1901. It is far from anything like a decent critical translation of the Bible, not least because in the past 100 years, weâve made a few archaeological discoveries here or there that have, you know, revolutionized our understanding of the transmission of the various recensions of the biblical corpora. And of course, in this case, the ASVâs translation of the Daniel 9:25 is wrong. It adds the definite article before âanointed oneâ in both vv. 25 and 26, even though the definite article isnât there in either the Hebrew or the LXX. And it doesnât follow the MT in adding a sentence break between âseven weeks of yearsâ and âsixty-two weeks of years.â
The KJV Iâm not even going to respond to. I assume Carrier was jesting.
The NIV, in addition to translating this verse incorrectly in the same ways as the ASV, is, as mentioned, a translation produced by conservative Evangelicals who have routinely obscured the original text in service of their own theological agenda. Iâve documented this before, and itâs been shown all over the place.
So we come to the Vulgate, translated by Jerome. According to Carrier, Jerome knew Hebrew better than Ramsey knows Hebrew. That may very well be the case. But of course, Jeromeâs Hebrew is notorious for its incompetence, and, moreover, modern scholars know that Jerome used the Greek Hexapla as a cheat sheet for his translation of the Hebrew Bible into Latin.
Fourth and finally, Carrier says, âThe same anointed one is meant in both verses. This is obvious in the LXX. And again, the Jews who translated the LXX knew Hebrew better than you do (and better than the translators of the RSV, apparently).â
Weâve already pointed out that this isnât necessarily true, as a number of books in the LXX are very poor translations. But in the case of Daniel, it doesnât even matter how good the LXX translation was because, as apparently Carrier is unaware (or is again hiding from his interlocutors), the translation we have in our Septuagint is not the LXX translation! When we buy an LXX today, weâre actually getting a translation of Daniel made by the second century CE Hellenistic Jewish scholar by the name of Theodotion.
You see, Origen believed that the original LXX translation of Daniel was not a very good translation (go figure), and so whenever he referenced Daniel, he referred to Theodotionâs translation. (And in the case of the Old Greekâs translation of Daniel 9:25-26, Origen was actually right. It totally changes the Hebrew we have preserved in the MT; the passage reads very differently.) By the time of Jerome, Theodotionâs translation had replaced the original LXX in the churches (and the Jews had long ago abandoned use of the LXX themselves). So now what we have in our Septuagint is a second-century CE translation by Theodotion, not a second-century BCE translation by the original LXX translators.
But thatâs not all. Modern scholars have concluded that Theodotion had a penchant for omitting conjunctions, substituting the singular for the plural, replacing indefinite with definite articles, and vice versa, and dropping parts of verses as he saw fit. Not only that, he is also known to have added brand new statements (of piety and such) into the text. Scholars today refer to him wryly as an âelaborator.â And as if that werenât enough, scholars have shown that his translation of the Hebrew into the Greek was actually in large part a translation of Greek into the Greek. In other words, the book of Daniel Carrier has in his Septuagint is predominantly a Greek revision of an unknown Greek translation of an unknown Hebrew recension.
So Carrier insists (based on his reading of Theodotion) that âthe same anointed one is meant in both verses. . . . This is obvious from the original intended meaning (this was supposed to be Onias III, not two different guys).â To sum up why Carrier has no idea what heâs talking about, Iâll quote at length from John Collinsâs seminal commentary on Daniel:
Probably the reference [in Daniel 9:25] is to the high priest Joshua, who ranks, with Zerubbabel, as one of the two âsons of oilâ in Zech 4:14. The anointed one in v 26 is also a high priest. This identification is found in Hippolytus and is common in patristic literature. Zerubbabel has also been proposed and even Cyrus, who is called âmessiahâ in Isa 45:1. Here again there is a long-lived messianic interpretation, which finds support in the Vulgate and Peshitta and is still defended by some conservative scholars.
will be seven weeks: The MT places an atnah between the seven weeks and the sixty-two weeks. Theodotion, however, reads âseven weeks and sixty-two weeks,â so that sixty-nine weeks would elapse before the coming of the anointed prince. This understanding of the passage was followed by Jerome and became a mainstay of the messianic interpretation, as it allowed the identification of the anointed one of v 25 with the one in v 26. There can be no doubt that the MT punctuation is correct. There is no other reason for dividing the period into seven and sixty-two. The MT understanding of the passage is well attested in early Christianity before Jerome, as well as in Jewish tradition.1
His penultimate point is important. If the seven weeks and sixty-two weeks are to be understood as one timespan, as Carrier would have it, there is no reason they should be separated. Why not just say, âsixty-nine weeksâ? But, apart from the grammar and the indefinite articles and all the other indications weâve discussed why they are two separate timespans, thereâs also the fact that v. 26 picks up with, âAfter the sixty-two weeks . . .â If the seven plus sixty-two were really meant to be of a piece, then it is very odd for the next sentence to pick up with a reference just to the latter, rather than the two combined. What this indicates is that within the umbrella scope of the seventy weeks, we have one timespan of seven weeks, one timespan of sixty-two weeks, and one timespan of one week. The first (seven weeks) refers to the shorter period in which the Jews returned from exile and rebuilt and reconsecrated the temple, and anointed the high priest Joshua (the anointed one). Then there was a period of several hundred years (âsixty-two weeksâ of years) in which the temple was built but the nation still underwent troubles. Then, after that long period of time, there would be the shortest timespan (one week = seven years), which began with the execution of an âanointed oneâ (Onias III) in 171 BCE (v. 26). Half a âweekâ (three-and-a-half years) later in 167 BCE, Antiochus IV ordered that no more Jewish sacrifices could be made in the temple and in their place instituted sacrifice of unclean animals to Greek divinity. Hence, âfor half of the week he shall make sacrifice and offering cease; and in their place shall be an abomination that desolatesâ (v. 27). Then another âhalf of a weekâ later in 164 BCE, Antiochus died, hence, âuntil the decreed end is poured out upon the desolatorâ (v. 27). That brings us to the completion of the seventy weeks. Thereupon, the writer of Daniel 9-12 believed, the new age was imminently to be ushered in. The timespan of seventy weeks takes us from the first of the legitimate âanointed onesâ (i.e., high priests), namely Joshua (or perhaps his partner Zerubbabel), to the very last of the legitimate âanointed ones,â namely Onias III. And again, Zechariah 4 identifies Zerubbabel as one of two âanointed onesâ from the same period, the other of which scholars identify as his contemporary Joshua.
Joseph Fitzmyer also fairly represents the scholarly consensus here:
A person, however, is clearly envisaged in Dan 9:25, where mshyh ngyd [âanointed leader/princeâ] occurs. Because ngyd, âleader,â can mean either a king (as in Ps 76:13[Eng.12]; 1 Sam 9:16 [Saul]; 13:14 [David]) or a priest (as in Neh 11:11 [three High Priests]; Jer 20:1; 1 Chr 9:11 2 Chr 35:8), it might seem difficult to say whether this expected Anointed One is a king or a priest, for mshyh has been used for the postexilic âanointed priestâ (Lev 4:3, 5, 16; 6:15[22]). It may be preferable, however, to understand mshyh ngyd in Dan 9:25 as a kingly Messiah (someone like Zerubbabel), in this second-century context. In any case, the words ykrt mshyh wâyn lw, âan Anointed One shall be cut down with no one to help himâ (9:26a; cf. 11:45), cannot refer to the same Anointed One of 9:25, because the Anointed One of v. 26 appears later, âafter sixty-two weeks,â and that undoubtedly means the already mentioned Onias III.2
But as if we havenât rubbed it in enough already, weâll continue to quote Carrier making the same mistakes over and over again, with ever-increasing self-confidence and ever-escalating condescension toward Ramsey. Ramsey says of Carrierâs insistence that there is not a break between seven weeks and sixty-two weeks:
Thatâs one reading. Another, seen above in my quote of the NRSV translation of Daniel 9:25-26 and in a JPS translation, is that âthere shall be seven weeksâ is the end of one sentence, and âand sixty-two weeksâ begins another. If you simply do not agree with the reading, that would be one thing, but you act as if you never even heard of it, despite it being fairly common.
Carrierâs priceless reply:
Thatâs the Jewish reading, as proved by the Septuagint translation. This isnât my reading. Itâs their reading.
Well, he sure sounds like he knows what heâs talking about. But then he continues:
(Thatâs also why the 62 weeks is repeated in verse 26, since if the sentence ended after the 7 weeks in verse 25, it would make no sense to then explain that what happens next happens after the 62 weeks, since those 62 weeks have then already passed according to your reading; whereas on the obvious reading, the reconstruction is what happens at the seven weeks and the anointed one appears after the 62 additional weeks, which explains the order of verses.
This is total gobbledygook. Iâve already explained above why the opposite is in fact the case. Carrierâs âargumentâ here just makes no sense, asserts arbitrary rules that have no basis in anything substantive at all.
Iâll use an analogy to show why Ramseyâs (and the scholarly majorityâs) reading makes perfect sense:
A man lived for seventy years. He was a child prodigy and had become ridiculously wealthy by age seven. And for sixty-two years he lived off his wealth, but he had many corporate enemies. After those3 sixty-two years, his treasurer was murdered and one of his biggest corporate enemies took him for everything he had. But in his final year, he fought back in court and ultimately got a successful conviction against his enemy. Then he died and lived happily ever after in the afterlife. The end.
As is clear, there is absolutely nothing difficult at all about the way these timespans are discussed and ordered on the consensus reading. As Iâve shown above, itâs Carrierâs reading that proves difficult against the actual text. Moreover, obviously the âobviousâ reading for Carrier was not the âobviousâ reading for the tradition preserved by the Masoretes, nor was it the âobviousâ reading for the pre-Jerome Christians mentioned by Collins, who took this reading as well.
But Carrier isnât finished bungling this. After his desperate, gobbledygook attempt to prove, um, something or other, he goes on immediately to say this:
thatâs also why in verse 24 only one anointed one is mentioned, not two.
This is a very strong point, with one minor caveat: there is no âanointed oneâ mentioned in verse 24. Just a minor problem is all. Hereâs verse 24:
Seventy weeks are decreed for your people and your holy city: to finish the transgression, to put an end to sin, and to atone for iniquity, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal both vision and prophet, and to anoint a most holy place.
Yes, the word âanointâ is here, but it refers to the anointing (i.e., consecration) of the altar in the temple. The âmost holy [place]â is literally in Hebrew, âholiness of holinesses,â a construction used most often to refer to the altar or the inner part of the temple where the altar resides. And if Carrier isnât convinced that the temple or altar is meant here, he can ask his comrade-in-arms Hector Avalos about it. Heâll set him straight.4 But to sum up: strong point, except for the point part of it. Just more self-serving eisegesis from Carrier.
But heâs not done changing the text to suit his own purposes:
I also suspect the original meaning of âChrist princeâ in verse 25, otherwise a strange construction, means two people, the Christ and the Prince, since those two are then mentioned together again in verse 26.
Hmmm. . . . âOtherwise a strange construction.â Iâm pondering for a moment. . . . Oh right! Itâs a strange construction for Carrier because he doesnât know how to read Hebrew. Now it makes sense. I couldnât figure out why it was a strange construction. But, yes. Now I agree. It is a strange construction if you donât know what youâre talking about. (I imagine there would be many such strange constructions in that condition.)
Of course, âChrist princeâ is actually just, âanointed leader.â I.e., any priest, prophet or king in the ancient Near East. In this case, of course, itâs probably either Joshua or Zerubbabel. But rather than consult a commentary or, you know, get a formal education in the field youâre writing books about, Carrier would prefer to add words to the text so that it makes sense to him, which also has the nice added benefit of establishing Carrierâs misreading of the entire passage over against the passage itself.
Moving on, Ramsey picks up with Carrierâs fallacious rejoinder that his reading of 9:25-26 is âthe Jewish reading.â Ramsey writes:
No, thatâs your interpretation of a Jewish reading, and as a reading of a JPS (Jewish Publication Society) translation would indicate, not necessarily the only or obvious way that a Jew would interpret it. The Septuagint, while a potentially useful source, doesnât prove anything here. Itâs merely a Greek translation of Jewish texts, and the style and quality of the translations within it is known to vary, sometimes very literal, other places quite free. It is not authoritative or the last word on anything, nor necessarily an indication of the âobvious reading.â
Ramsey is correct here, as weâve seen, that many books in the LXX are poor translations. Of course, as weâve also noted, the LXX Daniel Carrier is reading is not actually the LXX Daniel. Itâs the Theodotion Daniel. But Carrier ârefutesâ back:
The JPS is a modern text. Iâm talking about what ancient Jews understood the text to mean (since those are the only ones who count for the present point). And my other points only corroborate what the Jewish translators of the LXX demonstrate they understood.
Fail.
and likewise, Lacocqueâs analysis corroborates the same (and he is a leading expert on Daniel).
This is in fact how fundamentalists do âscholarship.â They find a scholar who they think can support their agenda with the text, and stick with that scholar come hell or high water. But as is often the case with fundamentalists, they read their pet scholars rather selectively. More on Lacocque when the fullness of time has come. But first, more vintage Carrier:
I must conclude you are just intent on gainsaying anything I say that tends to challenge your assumptions. You cannot allow the text to read as I say, so you refuse to admit it ever was or ever could have been read that way, all evidence be damned, and you will just quote mine the scholars who side with you and conveniently ignore the scholars who donât, as if arguments and evidence donât matter, and arenât relevant to deciding between competing scholarly opinions. If this is the kind of reasoning historicity must stand on, then as a logically valid position, historicity is simply dead. The establishment just hasnât gotten the memo.
ÂżComo se dice, âirony meterâ?
Hang on. Iâll throw up Ramseyâs response while I go get my popcorn off the stove:
Carrier said, âThe JPS is a modern text.â
The translation is a modern text, but it is translated by experts in the ancient texts being translated, who ought to know quite a bit about âwhat ancient Jews understood the text to mean.â The age of the translation itself is somewhat of a red herring.
As for the rest of your rant, well, an old saw about logs and eyes come to mind.
OK. Iâm back. What did I miss? . . . . Oh, score!
Carrier:
No, itâs not a red herring. When we are talking about how pre-Christian Jews were reading the text, how pre-Christian Jews were reading the text is our most important concern.
I know, right? Thatâs the issue. So why is Carrier depending on a post-Christian translation? #doesnotcompute
Carrier continues:
(Moderns likewise have theological and ideological agendas unique to our time that distort what ancient Jews would have cared about or thought. For example, modern Jews are often concerned to undermine Christian uses of OT scripture to defend their Christ. That would not have been a Jewish concern before Christianity even existed.)
Except in this case, even Christians up to about the third century CE agreed with the modern JPS translation of the text. They must have been really stupid, or driven by some anti-Christian agenda. Yeah. Thatâs it.
In response, Ramsey says that undermining Christianity is not on the agenda for the translators of the NRSV, or Louis Hartman, who is Catholic. (We could pile on names here. Letâs not and say we didnât need to.) Ramsey then directs Carrier to an infidels.org article by Chris Sandoval who follows Lacocque in saying that the view Carrier is opposed to is the view of âmainline scholars.â Carrier responds:
As to why the RSV translators deviate from most other translations, I have not investigated their possible reasoning or motives.
Well, we know thatâs true. Continues:
(but all bible translations deviate from each other to suit the interests and assumptions of those making them, which is why we should always just return to the original text).
And by âoriginal text,â Carrier means . . . the second century CE Greek translation by Theodotion? Or the Masoretic Text which preserves the tradition of placing a sentence break between seven and sixty-two weeks? Wait, what? Carrier believes thereâs an âoriginal textâ? When did this happen? Perhaps it happened at some point during the time Carrier did not spend reading the scholarship on the subject heâs arguing:
As for âmajority view,â not of any specialists on Daniel post-Lacocque, to my knowledge (Sandoval means by âmainlineâ interpreters those published before Lacocque; check the dates).
It shouldnât be this easy.
Carrier:
And itâs moot, since all we need is some Jews to see the text the obvious way, even if others read it differently. And the Melchizedek scroll makes it clear why the two passages are being linked, and therefore how its author was reading Daniel (and his seventy sevens). Thatâs all we need know.
No, 11QMelch makes clear no such thing. This is all in Carrierâs head, as weâll see further down.
The Lacocque Lacockup
But finally weâll turn to Carrierâs last argument to support his reading of Dan 9:25-26 as referring to just one âanointed oneâ and one concurrent seven and sixty-two weeks period. Here he thinks he follows Lacocque, who argues that the seven and sixty-two week periods are not consecutive (like the critical consensus maintains) but run concurrently. That is, the seven weeks occur within the sixty-two weeks, not prior to them. Carrier believes this definitively undermines the view that there are two different âanointed onesâ in Dan 9:25 and 26.
But first weâll note that Ramsey referenced an infidels.org article by Chris Sandoval in which Sandoval offers his own summary of Lacocqueâs reading of the seventy weeks passage (Dan 9:24-27). Sandoval says that Lacocque argues that the âanointed oneâ mentioned in both vv. 25 and 26 is the High Priest Onias III. (Note that.) He also says that Lacocqueâs schema for dating each of the three segments for the seventy weeks (seven week, sixty-two weeks, and one week) has the advantage of matching up with the literal number of years: seven weeks = 587 BCE â 538 BCE = 49 years; sixty-two weeks = 605 BCE â 171 BCE = 434 years; one week = 171 BCE â 164 BCE = 7 years. The numbers all add up correctly, even though the seven weeks and the sixty-two weeks are concurrent, not consecutive. Sandoval points out that, in contrast, the majority view doesnât add up so neatly: seven weeks = 538 BCE â 516 BCE = 22 years (not 49); sixty-two weeks = 516 BCE â 171 BCE = 345 years (not 434); one week = 171 BCE â 164 BCE = 7 years (accurate).
So when Ramsey referred to the mainstream view referenced in Sandovalâs article, Carrier responds thus:
Sandoval also points out why the old âmainlineâ interpretation canât be correct (the date ends up sixty plus years off).
The problem is, Sandoval didnât at all say that the mainline view âcanât be correct.â Carrier is either skimming Sandoval, or reading him tendentiously. Hereâs what Sandoval actually says about the dating of the mainline view:
The Lacocque interpretation is more likely to be correct because the dates and numbers come out far more exactly, but the majority view is not impossible. . . . The advantage of this theory is that this arrangement is more natural and straightforward. However, the sixty-two-week period is sixty-seven years too long. Under this theory, one must assume the author either did not know any better, or simply did not care. The Jewish historian Josephus was thirty to sixty years off in his dating of events in Persian times, so it is equally reasonable to suppose that the author of Daniel was similarly hazy about the chronology of those times. His legends of Belshazzarâs feast in Daniel 5 and Darius the Mede in Daniel 6 demonstrate that he could indulge in creative anachronism when he wanted to.
What Carrierâs statement (that âSandoval also points out why the old âmainlineâ interpretation canât be correctâ) tells us is that Carrier is reading with an agenda. He doesnât want it to be correct, because he believes Lacocqueâs schema supports Carrierâs own Dying Messiah thesis. So instead of giving a measured response that takes account of ambiguity in the evidence, Carrier insists on a specific reading that he thinks supports his view that there is only one âanointed oneâ in Daniel 9. This is irresponsible scholarship. If someone else did this to him, he would certainly say they were being âemotionalâ and âirrational.â (Iâve seen him say this many times, in public and private debates.)
In truth, Sandoval is correct that the majority view makes more sense, despite the math problems. The math problems are not a problem with the majority view; they are only a âproblemâ at all because we impose a literalistic hermeneutic on an apocalyptic, numerological text. But critical scholars (who are trained in these texts, unlike Carrier) know that with apocalyptic numerology, exact numbers are not the point. The point with the numbers is symbolism, and the numbers are often round. This is not an âapologeticâ justification; this is what critical scholars say about certain kinds of numbers in all ancient Near Eastern texts. For example, Collins writes, âIn view of the schematic character of the seventy weeks and of the dating to the reign of Darius the Mede, the figure should be considered a round number rather than a miscalculation.â5
But letâs get on to the real issue. Carrier argues that there are not two anointed ones in Dan 9:25-26. He insists that there is only one. In support of this argument, Carrier repeatedly appeals to AndrĂŠ Lacocqueâs commentary on Daniel. Carrier argues that Lacocqueâs interpretation of the seventy weeks puts the âanointed oneâ of v. 25 firmly and definitively at the end of the seven + sixty-two weeks. He also believes that Lacocque argues that the seven weeks and the sixty-two weeks are not separate, distinct timespans. Here are the statements Carrier has made regarding Lacocqueâs position and its significance for Carrierâs own argument:
Confirming all this is Lacocqueâs demonstration that the original meaning the author intended was not two sequential periods but two overlapping periods, in order to get the timeline to match Onias IIIâso it really was supposed to mean â7 weeks in parallel to 62 weeks: Jerusalem gets rebuilt at the 7 week mark and Onias comes at the 62 week markâ but that interpretation entailed the rest of the prophecy didnât come to pass, which later Jews could not allow to be possible, so they had to find some other meaning than that Onias was meant, and the rest is history.)
Directly in response to Ramseyâs pointing out that the majority of scholars identify two âanointed onesâ in Daniel 9, usually Joshua in 516 BCE and Onias III in 171 BCE, Carrier says:
I donât know who you are reading. Try the leading expert: Lacocque.
In response to Ramseyâs point that many scholars, and the NRSV and JPS put a break between âseven weeksâ and âsixty-two weeks,â indicating that they are separate time spans, Carrier replies:
The JPS is a modern text. Iâm talking about what ancient Jews understood the text to mean (since those are the only ones who count for the present point). And my other points only corroborate what the Jewish translators of the LXX demonstrate they understood; and likewise, Lacocqueâs analysis corroborates the same (and he is a leading expert on Daniel).
So there we have it. According to Carrier, âleading expertâ Lacocque undermines the idea that there are two anointed ones in Daniel 9, and he undermines the idea that the seven weeks and sixty-two weeks are broken apart and constitute two distinct timespans.
Now letâs let Lacocque speak for himself:
We can see in the âanointed chiefâ of 9.25 the personage of the High Priest of the Restoration, Joshua. This is probably the best interpretation of this allusive text for in the following verse another High Priest, probably Onias III, is also designated (similarly in 11.22). It is evidently not by accident that for the Author history is punctuated by supreme pontiffs.6
. . . .
By means of this internal âpreparation,â Daniel is a âfavoured manâ and he receives the explanation of the divine mysteries concerning the end of time. He comes to understand that the seventy years spoken of by Jeremiah in fact signify seventy weeks of years; that is, not in sabbatical cycles (see supra), but ten times seven sabbaths of years, followed by the ultimate Jubilee, the Eschaton. It is near to hand. Of the seventy weeks (sic) from Jeremiahâs oracle, seven have passed from the beginning of the Captivity (587) to the enthronement of the High Priest Joshua (538; see Hag. 1.1,14; Zech. 3.1ff) (We might also think of Cyrus, called my âanointedâ in Isa. 44.28; 45.1. But the parallelism with v.26 where it is a question of the High Priest Onias militates in favour of Joshua here.) Sixty-two more weeks, or 434 years, correspond to the lapse of time between 605, the date of the oracle in Jer. 25.1,11, and 171, the year of the murder of the second âanointed one,â the High Priest Onias III. Of the last week, half of it has passed, it encompassed the time between the death of Onias III and Antiochusâ coercive measures. A half week more (from 168 to 165) and âthe decreed destruction will be poured out upon the destroyer.â7
. . . .
âFrom the time the word went forth, etc.â: it is a question of Jeremiahâs oracle which stands at the centre of this chapter of Daniel. The beginning of the Exile, 587, is the point of departure for the calculation. âSeven weeksâ pass until the enthronement of Joshua (538). . . . We should understand that it is a question here of the return of the exiles and the reconstruction of Jerusalem. . . .
The second historical era is longer. It lasts âsixty-two weeksâ of years or 434 years, and runs from 605 (the date of Jeremiahâs oracle, see 25.1, 11) to 171 which is spoken of in the next verse. These 434 years are characterized by the Author as a time of restoration.
But at the end of this period, a series of catastrophes strikes the city, the sanctuary, and its head (v.26). . . . The âmessiahâ in question here, we saw above, is Onias III, assassinated on the urging of the usurper High Priest, Menelaus, in 171. His death marks the beginning of the persecutions which lasted until 168.8
Iâll note also that Lacocque says that both the Old Greek LXX and Theodotionâs translation of v. 25 is âan impossible translation.â9
So, wait a minute. What happened? Did Carrier make an argument that depended in large part on a scholarly source without actually reading his source? Did Carrier reference a source to support a contention the opposite of which is the sourceâs actual contention? Did Carrier do in no uncertain terms precisely what he publicly accused and berated (actual renowned scholar) Bart Ehrman for doing?
Yes. Yes he did.
Whatâs the word Carrier used? Oh right. âHack scholarship.â
So what happened here? My guess (and this is only a guess) is that Carrier hasnât read Lacocque, but he had read Sandovalâs online article. Sandoval misunderstands Lacocque due to very sloppy reading and thinks Lacocque is saying there is only one âanointed oneâ in 9:25-26, and that itâs Onias III. Sandoval contrasts his misreading of Lacocque with the âmainline scholarsâ who argue that there are two anointed ones. So Carrier assumes Sandoval is correct and goes off on a grossly misinformed and abusive wild goose chase that he says ârefutesâ me.
What does Lacocque actually argue? As is plain as day above, Lococque argues that there are in fact two separate and distinct âanointed onesâ in vv. 25 and 26, and that the first is most likely Joshua at the end of the sixth century BCE. The other, Lacocque argues, is Onias III at the top half of the second century BCE. In other words, Lacocque supports Ramsey (and the âmainline scholarsâ), and not Carrier at all.
Second, as we can see, Lacocque does in fact argue that the seven weeks and the sixty-two weeks are two distinct periods of time marked by two distinct events (one is the anointing of Joshua as High Priest, the other is the execution of High Priest Onias III).
Moreover, contra Carrier, Lacocqueâs position is that the âputting an end to sin, and the atonement for iniquityâ referenced in v. 24 takes place at the end of the sixth century when the temple is rebuilt and a High Priest (Joshua) is anointed (as I argued in my original critique of Carrier). Carrier insists that the day of atonement in Daniel 9 refers to the execution of Onias III, and that Oniasâs death is an atonement for sins. Lacocque refutes this ridiculous, grossly uninformed claim, as do all the âmainline scholars.â Lacocque argues that the anointing of the âHoly of Holiesâ in v. 24 (that Carrier wrongly said refers to a single messiah, which he says is Onias III) refers to the anointing of the temple, but also includes by extension, the establishment of the new High Priest, but the High Priest here is Joshua, not Onias. So even if we do understand the âHoly of Holiesâ to be a reference to an âanointed oneâ rather than an âanointed place,â it refers to Joshua, not to Onias. The fact that there is âonly oneâ anointed in v. 24 does not, as Carrier seems to think, mean that there is only one in vv. 25-26. (There is only ever one High Priest at a given time.) As Lacocque argues with almost every Daniel scholar on the planet, the anointed one in v. 25 lived in the sixth century, while the anointed one in v. 26 lived in the second century.
The fact that Carrier seems to have never before heard of the idea of two anointed ones in Daniel 9 only further proves that he hasnât actually read Lacocque and that heâs talking out of his ass. Carrier has the nerve to blast Ramsey time and again and to accuse Ramsey of all sorts of things. Weâll quote Carrier again:
I must conclude you are just intent on gainsaying anything I say that tends to challenge your assumptions. You cannot allow the text to read as I say, so you refuse to admit it ever was or ever could have been read that way, all evidence be damned, and you will just quote mine the scholars who side with you and conveniently ignore the scholars who donât, as if arguments and evidence donât matter, and arenât relevant to deciding between competing scholarly opinions. If this is the kind of reasoning historicity must stand on, then as a logically valid position, historicity is simply dead. The establishment just hasnât gotten the memo.
Epic, epic fail. I am overwhelmed by the power of Carrierâs arrogance and ignorance. Itâs truly something to behold.
But, alas, Carrier isnât finished âeducatingâ us out of his vast store of fictive facts. Letâs put on our rubber gloves and pull out some more teachable moments.
An Atoning Death?
(It is only further obvious by the context: that passage [Dan 9:24-26] speaks of a death ending sin, as does the Isaiah passage it is immediately linked with in the scroll, and the Melchizedek scroll fragment itself begins by talking about a final atoning for sin on a specific day the calculation of which in the scroll matches the numbers calculated in that same passage of Daniel. You also evidently donât know that the verse in Isaiah linked to Melchizedek in â11Q13 2:19-20â is the beginning of the suffering servant passage.
. . . .
Daniel says an end will be made of sin on that day (9:24: âseventy sevens are decreed for your people and your holy city to finish transgression, to put an end to sin, to atone for wickedness, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal up vision and prophecy and to anoint the Most Holy Placeâ), all of which is triggered at the beginning of the last seven-year period when the Christ dies (9:26).
. . . .
The scroll then says this Christ is the same figure as the one who dies to atone for the sins of Israel in Isaiah 52-53. Thus, the scroll is connecting Danielâs Christâs death with the atonement, by using Isaiah to interpret Daniel. That is what the pesher says. Itâs not my own idea. Iâm just saying what the pesher itself says.
. . . .
we have Daniel 9 being linked to Isaiah 52-53, in each of which there is a person who dies and an end of sin by atonement. The scrollâs author would not have linked the two passages but for that commonality. Add to that that the scroll says the end of sin and atonement will occur at the same time Daniel does (after 490 years), and there really is no way your desperate re-interpretation can possibly be correct.
. . . .
Also, the scroll says the day of atonement will occur after a period of time essentially identical to that stated as being when the Christ will die in Daniel 9; and so on; add all that to the fact that the scroll says Mechizedek âwill atone for all the sinsâ at that designated time, and there really is no other meaning to take from this scroll.)
Carrier has certainly earned credit for his confidence in himself. Unfortunately, none of this is true. As weâve already seen, Lacocque and all the rest of the majority correctly argue that the atonement in Daniel 9 refers to the establishment of the temple and a new high priest at the end of the sixth century. None of these scholars argues what Carrier argues, that the death of Onias III is in any way connected to the atonement for Israelâs sins. What it actually reflects, as Lacocque argues, is an interruption in atonement, because a legitimate High Priest is cut off and replaced with an illegitimate usurper.
Second, Carrier insists that because 11QMelch quotes from Isa 52:7, it must intend to refer all the way to the death of the Servant in Isa 53. Weâll get to that in a little while, but for now suffice it to say that Carrier has no idea what heâs talking about when it comes to pesher interpretation. The scroll quotes Isa 52:7 out of context, as they frequently do. Carrier insists otherwise, which he can do because he has no idea what heâs talking about.
Finally, the scroll does not cite both Isaiah 52 and Daniel 9 because of some imagined connection over the idea of the atoning death of a messianic figure. Again, Carrier doesnât understand pesher. Itâs not connecting them. Itâs building a collage of language to create a new pictureâits own picture. This is what pesher did. Weâll get to that. But first, weâll show why itâs totally ridiculous to read 11QMelch as referring to a dying messiah.
Melchizedek H. Christ! Belial Is a Human!
Carrier insists that 11QMelch identifies the figure of Melchizedek as the Christ in the text. He says,
The âhintâ is when it says this Melchizedek is the Christ who dies in Daniel 9 to end sin and the servant who dies in Isaiah 53 to atone for sin.
Problem is, nowhere does the scroll say that âthis Melchizedek is the Christ,â let alone that âthis Melchizedek is the Christ who dies.â Carrierâs reasoning goes like this:
That messenger goes on to be killed (53:8-9) and thereby atones for all Israelâs sins (53:8-12). The Christ who dies in Daniel also ends sin (9:24). That is why the scroll says that this messenger is the Christ who dies in Daniel 9.
Carrier thinks that because Melchizedek is said to atone for Israelâs sins, Melchizedek must be the Christ, but he bases it on two claims, both of which are totally without warrant: (1) Isaiah 52 leads into Isaiah 53 and (2) the Christ who dies in Daniel 9 atones for sin with his death. Weâve already seen that the second claim is completely wrong, and as Iâve said with regard to the first claim, Isaiah 52 is quoted out of context by the scroll. Again, weâll get to that in short order.
Carrier says:
The remaining context makes clear that Mechizedek is meant (although not that it matters, since either way we still have a Christ dying to atone for all sins on a Great Day of Atonement predicted to occur in a specific year in Daniel that clearly was believed not yet to have come in this scroll, and thatâs all that matters for my point against Ehrman.)
Again, we do not have a Christ dying to atone for sins. Even if the scroll originally quoted v. 26 of Daniel 9 in reference to the death of Onias III (and we will never know for certain because itâs lost), it still definitively is not an atoning death. As Lacocque and the rest show, the atonement takes place with the rebuilding of the temple in the sixth century. Second, âthe remaining contextâ does not, in my opinion, make clear that âMelchizedek is meantâ to be the Christ in the text. I think the remaining context actually indicates the opposite. Hereâs what the relevant portion of the text says (Vermesâs translation, and remember, words in brackets â[]â are reconstructed guesses, and scripture references in parentheses â()â are added by the English translator):
This is the day of [Peace/Salvation] concerning which [God] spoke [through Isa]iah the prophet, who said, [How] beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of the messenger who proclaims peace, who brings good news, who proclaims salvation, who says to Zion: Your ELOHIM [reigns] (Isa. Lii, 7). Its interpretation [Thomâs note: the word for interpretation is âpesherâ]; the mountains are the prophets . . . and the messenger is the Anointed one of the spirit, concerning whom Dan[iel] said, [Until an anointed one, a prince (Dan. Ix, 25)] . . . [And he who brings] good [news], who proclaims [salvation]: it is concerning him that it is written . . . [To comfort all who mourn, to grant to those who mourn in Zion] (Isa. lxi, 2-3). To comfort [those who mourn: its interpretation], to make them understand all the ages of t[ime] . . . In truth . . . will turn away from Belial . . . by the judgement[s] of God, as it is written concerning him, [who says to Zion]; your ELOHIM reigns. Zion is . . . , those who uphold the Covenant, who turn from walking [in] the way of the people. And your ELOHIM is [Melchizedek, who will save them from] the hand of Belial. (11Q13, 2:15-25)
The reason I donât think the âremaining contextâ supports the contention that Melchizedek is Christ is this: âThe messenger is the Anointed one of the spirit . . . who brings good news . . . proclaims salvation . . . as it is written concerning him, [who says to Zion]: your ELOHIM reigns. . . . And your ELOHIM is [Melchizedek].â It seems to me that it is the anointed messenger who is saying to Israel, âYour ELOHIM [i.e., god] reigns.â And then Israelâs âELOHIMâ is identified as Melchizedek. In my mind, it would seem strange for Melchizedek to refer to himself as âyour ELOHIM.â It seems more likely this is the voice of a distinct messenger, who is proclaiming to Israel that their deliverer is coming. Thus, the âanointedâ messenger is to my mind a distinct entity from Melchizedek.
That said, Carrier is not alone in his insistence that Melchizedek is the âanointedâ messenger in the scroll. Timothy Lim, for one, seems to agree with him, among a few others. But thereâs not a consensus.
At any rate, if Melchizedek is the anointed one, Carrier has a problem. A big problem. Melchizedek is not a human being in the scroll. In the scroll, Melchizedek is a primary angel, referred to on more than one occasion as an âELOHIM,â and is considered by the authors of the scroll to be the second power in heavenâYahwehâs second-in-command among the heavenly entities. All scholars recognize this, and they also note that, although there is a human Melchizedek in Genesis (to whom Abraham paid a tithe), there is no connection to him in this scroll whatsoever, no indication that Melchizedek used to be human at all. The reason the name Melchizedek is chosen for this principal angel is because in Psalm 110, the one who is called âLordâ and is invited to sit at Yahwehâs right hand, and conquer in his name, is also identified as a âpriest forever according to the order of Melchizedekâ (v. 4). Thatâs where they got the name from, and in keeping with the apocalyptic penchant for angelology, Qumran interprets the âLordâ in Psalm 110 as a heavenly power, a celestial conqueror who battles in Yahwehâs name. Regardless, if Qumranâs Melchizedek ever was human, they give no indication of that, and he certainly isnât human anymore. Heâs one of the celestial beings. All scholars know this.
Well, I shouldnât say âall scholars.â There is one exception, namely, Richard Carrier:
Yes, in the Yom Kippur ceremony, animals die as substitutes for humans (that was the whole point of the Isaac episode). But the scroll is implying humans will be substituted back for the animals: Belial will die, and Melchizedek will die, the latter thereby atoning for sin.
According to Carrier, not only Melchizedek, but Belial too (the prince of the dark angels), is a human being! Who knew?!
What this means of course is that if Melchizedek is to be identified as the Christ in this scroll (as Lim and a few other scholars assume, and as Carrier argues, though he allows he might be wrong), then there certainly is no âdying messiahâ in the scroll, unless Carrier wishes to argue that Yahwehâs chief angel is going to be defeated in battle and killed, and that this angelâs death is going to atone for Israelâs sins.
But if Melchizedek is not the Christ, that still does not mean, as Carrierâs secondary argument goes, that Melchizedek will atone for sins by sacrificing a human Christ to God. That simply isnât in the text (nor is it in Daniel 9); itâs Carrierâs fanciful eisegesis in both cases.
Carrier Talks a âLot,â Understands Not a âLotâ
Carrier argues that 11QMelch alludes to an âatonement lottery.â His argument goes thus:
I could also point out that the âlot of Melchizedekâ and âlot of Belialâ (the web translation renders this loosely as âpredestined,â disguising the actual meaning) are also references to the Yom Kippur atonement lottery, in which both are killed, sacrificed, one to atone for sin, the other to carry the sin.
Ramsey responded:
And I could also point out that on Yom Kippur, the lottery selected goats on behalf of âthe Lordâ (apparently identified here with Melchizedek) and one for Azazel (apparently identified with Belial). Thereâs no indication of humans dying here, let alone anointed ones.
And Carrier responded:
Yes, in the Yom Kippur ceremony, animals die as substitutes for humans (that was the whole point of the Isaac episode). But the scroll is implying humans will be substituted back for the animals: Belial will die, and Melchizedek will die, the latter thereby atoning for sin. Now, as I also said, it is possible the scrollâs author means Melchizedek will arrange the sacrifice, but in that case the sacrifice he arranges is that of the Christ in Daniel 9, who is the Servant in Isaiah 52-53. The scroll is very explicit about this. Itâs just that this doesnât make as much sense of all that the scroll says (e.g. Melchizedek is not Yahweh, so âlot of Melchizedekâ canât mean Melchizedek is Yahweh).
The problem is, Carrier is reading this âatonement lotteryâ scheme into the text. What the âlotsâ refer to in the text is very clear. Iâll quote it:
And concerning that which He said, In [this] year of Jubilee [each of you shall return to his property (Lev. xxv, 13); and likewise, And this is the manner of release:] every creditor shall release that which he has lent [to his neighbor. He shall not exact it of his neighbor and his brother], for Godâs release [has been proclaimed] (Deut. xv, 2). [And it will be proclaimed at the end of days concerning the captives as [He said, To proclaim liberty to the captives (Isa. lxi, 1). Its interpretation is that He] will assign them to the Sons of Heaven and to the inheritance of Melchizedek; f[or He will cast] their [lot] amid the po[rtions of Melchize]dek, who will return them there and will proclaim to them liberty, forgiving them [the wrong-doings] of all their iniquities.
And this thing will [occur] in the first week of the Jubilee that follows the nine Jubilees. And the Day of Atonement is the e[nd of the] tenth [Ju]bilee, when all the Sons of [Light] and the men of the lot of Mel[chi]zedek will be atoned for. [And] a statute concerns them [to prov]ide them with their rewards. For this is the moment of the Year of Grace for Melchizedek. [And h]e will, by his strength, judge the holy ones of God [Thom: i.e., the angels], executing judgement as it is written concerning him in the Songs of David, who said, ELOHIM has taken his place in the divine council; in the midst of the gods he holds judgement (Psalm lxxxii, 1). And it was concerning him that he said, (Let the assembly of the peoples) return to the height above them; EL (god) will judge the peoples (Psalm vii, 7-8). As for that which he s[aid, How long will you] judge unjustly and show partiality to the wicked? Selah (Psalm lxxxii, 2), its interpretation concerns Belial and the spirits of his lot [who] rebelled by turning away from the precepts of God to . . . And Melchizedek will avenge the vengeance of the judgements of God . . . and he will drag [them from the hand of] Belial and from the hand of all the sp[irits of] his [lot]. And all the âgods [of Justiceâ] will come to his aid [to] attend to the de[struction] of Belial. And the height is . . . all the sons of God. (11Q13, 2:1-15)10
There is no âatonement lotteryâ allusion here. We have âthe Sons of Light and the men of the lot of Melchizedekâ and we have âthe spirits of his [Belialâs] lot.â Thatâs not a reference to the atonement lottery. Itâs just a standard use of a standard word. What it means is that the angels in heaven are divided up into two factions: Melchizedek (the good angel) has his lot, and Belial (the bad angel) has his lot. Also included in Melchizedekâs lot are âmen,â meaning the righteous remnant of Israel. Itâs not an atonement lottery, where lots are cast and one animal is sacrificed to Yahweh while the other is sent out into the wilderness to appease the desert god Azazel. Who in this scenario is being given to Belial to appease him? No one. Who is being given to Yahweh to appease him? No one. The lot of each angel refers to those who are allotted to them under their command, and in fact, the scroll clearly says that the people of God will be taken away from Belial and the spirits of his lot, when Melchizedek with his angelic entourage defeat them in battle. Itâs a typical example of apocalyptic dualism, where the whole world and all of heaven is divided up into two factions: the forces of light and the forces of darkness.
But equally importantly, note that the scroll begins with a statement about Jubilee and explains how that means it is time for the captives to return to their homes. This leads directly into the discussion of Melchizedekâs battle against Belial. What this is describing is the end of Israelâs captivity to foreign powers. The captives are set free at the end, and they can all return home. When they do so, then there will be a Day of Atonement. (Remember that the current regime in the temple was installed by foreign powers and was considered by Qumran to be corrupt.) In Jewish literature of the second-temple period, the âforgiveness of sinsâ signifies the end of foreign domination of Israel, because Israel was in that situation originally as a punishment for their national sins. Thus, the return of Israelâs sovereignty to itself (and the installation of a legitimate High Priest) means definitively that their sins have been forgiven.
There is no atonement lottery, no sacrifice of any human being, or any other such thing present anywhere in the text. Carrier is grasping at non-existent straws.
So itâs clear from a simple reading of the text that there is no indication anywhere that the text is talking about a dying messiah who will atone for Israelâs sins. What it describes is the standard apocalyptic Jewish picture of a final battle between the forces of good and the forces of evil in which the forces of good prevail. And thatâs why the majority of scholars in fact identify Dan 9:25 as the missing quotation in the scroll, rather than 9:26, because the âanointed oneâ in 9:25 is a symbol of Israelâs restoration. It refers to Joshua who was high priest when the temple had been rebuilt. This is standard in pesher. The scroll is saying that the secret meaning of Dan 9:25 is that there will be a new anointed one at the end of time who will come to announce that salvation has come, and that it has come by the hand of Yahwehâs chief agent, Melchizedek. And that, not an imaginary connection between two dying messiahs who atone for Israel, is the real connection between Daniel 9 and Isaiah 52. The verse quoted from Isaiah 52 is one in which the servant proclaims âgood news,â âsalvation,â and the message that âyour ELOHIM reigns.â The verse quoted refers to a restoration of Israel, and a defeat of the powers who have been reigning over Israel instead of God. In the same way, Joshua in Daniel 9 represents the restoration of Israel after exile, the reestablishment of the temple, so that Israel can again make sacrifices to atone for sins.
Context Is King in the Pesharim
Finally, I made the point that Carrier canât assume the authors of the scroll mean to allude to the suffering of the Servant in Isaiah 53 just because they quote one verse from Isaiah 52. Pesher, I argued, regularly takes verses and words out of their context and gives them a whole new meaning. Ramsey made this point to Carrier as well. Hereâs what Carrier has to say in response:
When the scroll says this is that Christ, it means the whole narrative about that Christ is being applied, not some isolated verse.
. . . .
Again, you donât seem to understand. It does not matter what the author quoted. What the scroll says is that the Christ spoken of in Daniel 9 is the âmessengerâ spoken of in Isaiah 52-53 and the one who will be âthe visitationâ on âthe Day of Salvationâ at the end of the 490 days. The rest follows from seeing what is said in those passages. Pesherim do not function by quoting the entire passages they refer to. They only quote one line or phrase to indicate to the reader where to go to read the rest. When we do that, it becomes clear why this author was linking them and what he was saying by doing so.
. . . .
Again, pesharim do not âquote out of context.â They quote to indicate context. Since they didnât have verse numbers and numerical citation methods like we do, they operated like this: they will say âthe guy talked about where it says this, is the same guy talked about where it says this,â in each case giving just enough of a quotation that a reader can find the passage referred to, and then read the entire section there.
So, according to Carrier, âpesherim simply do not quote out of context,â which would mean they donât quote the way Carrier quotes.
Carrier seems pretty confident in his understanding of pesher. Of course, heâs again talking out of his ass. Heâs making definitive pronouncements, despite the fact that he has no training whatsoever in scrolls scholarship, whereas I studied the scrolls under Chris Rollston, whose Doktorvater at Hopkins was Kyle McCarter. McCarter, of course, worked side by side with Frank Moore Cross at Harvard when the scrolls were being examined for the first time after their discovery.
For a good laugh, I sent Carrierâs above quotes on pesher to a friend of mine who is currently doing his doctoral work at Hopkins under McCarter. My friend read them and responded, âThatâs crazy.â
And it is. The fact is, anybody who has properly studied the scrolls knows that taking words and verses out of context is one of the most prominent features of persher hermeneutics. Here are some quotes from scholars who have actually studied the scrolls.
John Collins, in the seminal volume on apocalyptic Judaism, writes, âThe method of citing the text by sections lends itself to atomistic interpretation with scant regard for the original literary context, much less the original historical context.â11 Note that Collins clearly states that they didnât pay much attention to the original literary context when they mined their quotes at Qumran. Collins goes on to explain:
The interpretations are highly selective, and many features of the text are ignored. (This is more obvious in the pĂŞsher on Isaiah.) Consequently what is found in the interpretations is never simply required by the text, although it is limited by the points of connection that can be found in a given lemma.12
Collins shows that pesher will even go so far as to rearrange the letters of a word being quoted, or divide a word into two or more parts.13 He concludes that, âfrom a modern critical viewpoint, the exegetical method of QL [Qumran Literature] involves the manipulation of the prophetic text to meet the needs of the community.â14
One of our most important scrolls scholars, Timothy Lim, concurs, identifying âthe atomization of key wordsâ as one of the unique features of the pesher genre.15 With specific regard to the scroll in question, 11Q13 (a.k.a. 11QMelch), Lim identifies it as âthematic pesherâ and writes, âThe thematic pesher draws its biblical proof texts from several scriptural sources in order to support a topic. Thus, for example, 11Q13 cites Isaiah 52:7; 61:1, 2-3; Leviticus 25:9, 13; Deuteronomy 15:2; Psalm 7:7-8; 82:1; and Daniel 9:25 to bolster its depiction of the mysterious biblical figure of Melchizedek as the eschatological redeemer.â16 He concludes, âThe biblical texts are cited verbatim, but they were also modified and adapted to fit in with sectarian interpretation. Scripture, for them, was not the inviolable word of God, immutable and forbidden from change. Rather it was malleable in the hands of authorized interpreters.â17
I mean, I could go on quoting different scrolls scholars all day long. The results will be the same. The fact of the matter is that 11Q13 quotes from Isaiah 52:7 to help paint a portrait of an eschatological angelic redeemer who would bring salvation and deliver Israel from its celestial enemies. If it wanted to portray this redeemer as one who atones for sins by suffering and dying, it would have quoted those specific words. Pesherim simply does not work the way Carrier insists (against the scholars who actually work with the scrolls and, unlike Carrier, read them) that it works. Carrier is once again pulling claims out of thin air and compensating for his ignorance with insults and a confident demeanor.
CONCLUSION
One of the reasons itâs a good idea to get a formal education under the tutelage of experts in a field before one presumes to educate others about the field is that when we do so, we acquire a broad familiarity with the relevant material, the relevant primary and secondary literature, so that when quack hypotheses come along, we can spot them immediately. We donât know everything there is to know, but we know enough that we have a sense of what kinds of things are plausible and what kinds of things are going to bear an overwhelming burden of proof.
Carrier has a good handle on his own field. Iâve read lots of his work, and when he talks about his Greek and Roman sources, he knows what heâs talking about, and he knows the literature. I totally agreed with and loved his chapter in one of the Loftus books, in which he soundly refuted those Christian apologists who argue that Christianity made science possible. It was a joy to read, and he was right.
But when we move over into his work in biblical studies, things start to get much less stable. Sometimes he makes interesting and strong arguments (and I do agree with him a lot). But a lot of the time, one finds Carrier spouting quack hypotheses based on extraordinarily weak evidence. The reason for this is not that Carrier isnât intelligent or generally competent. The reason is that heâs not trained in this field by experts in this field. He doesnât know what the literature says. Being an autodidact is a good thing (I have strong autodidactic tendencies), but it can also be a very bad thing, because when we teach ourselves, we only know to ask the question we think of by ourselves. We tend to only read the material that interests us, or answers our specific questions, and that means we havenât read all those boring textbooks that are essential to providing us with an adequate grasp of the field. Carrier just makes so many hack mistakes. Itâs very sad, because he has a great mind, and I wish it were being put to better use.
Iâm not saying Carrier shouldnât say anything about biblical studies. Iâm just saying that when he does say something, it should have a question mark at the end, rather than his usual exclamation mark. I wouldnât dare barge my way into a conversation about Roman religion (even though Iâve had some graduate training in Roman religion and have read primary and secondary literature) and start making confident arguments that challenge the assumptions of the scholarly consensus in the field. The reason is not that I donât have the requisite intellect or reading comprehension. The reason is that I donât have the training that Carrier has in that field. On the other hand, Carrier doesnât have the training he needs to make the kinds of arguments heâs trying to make. But of course, if he did have the training, he wouldnât be making the arguments. No doubt heâd be doing something quite a bit more productive in the field. So I see it as a tragedy.
But itâs also a tragicomedy. Because Carrier is also an arrogant person who regularly insults and berates anyone who disagrees with him and, as weâve seen, is willing to insult people for disagreeing with an argument that Carrier hasnât even properly studied. I think he just thinks that if he thinks it, itâs probably right. So itâs nice to expose the vacuousness underneath his mean-spirited self-confidence. Self-confidence is great. Yet the trouble with it is that, when youâre right, youâre right, but when youâre wrongâholy Onias III!âare you wrong.
Now that Iâve avenged reason and academic integrity for Carrierâs failed conquest of biblical studies, my ladies and I are going to go watch The Avengers save the world from yet another over-confident invader.
- John J. Collins, Daniel (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994), 355-56. [BACK]
- Joseph A. Fitzmyer, The One Who Is To Come (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007), 63. [BACK]
- Yes, there is in fact a definite article here in the Hebrew text. [BACK]
- Hector Avalos, âDaniel 9:24-25 and Mesopotamian Temple Rededications,â Journal of Biblical Literature 117/3 (Fall 1998): 507-511. [BACK]
- Collins, Daniel, 356. [BACK]
- AndrĂŠ Lacocque, The Book of Daniel (John Knox, 1979), 11. [BACK]
- Lacocque, The Book of Daniel, 178. Emphasis mine. [BACK]
- Lacocque, The Book of Daniel, 195-96. Emphasis mine. [BACK]
- Lacocque, The Book of Daniel, 188. [BACK]
- So you know, Iâve now quoted the entire Melchizedek scroll. I quoted the first half second and the second half first. [BACK]
- John J. Collins, The Apocalyptic Imagination (2nd ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 268. Emphasis mine. [BACK]
- Collins, Apocalyptic Imagination, 275. [BACK]
- Collins, Apocalyptic Imagination, 272. [BACK]
- Collins, Apocalyptic Imagination, 276. [BACK]
- Timothy H. Lim, âThe Qumran Scrolls, Multilingualism, and Biblical Interpretationâ in Religion in the Dead Sea Scrolls (ed. Collins and Kugler; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000), 60. [BACK]
- Lim, âThe Qumran Scrolls,â 63. [BACK]
- Lim, âThe Qumran Scrolls,â 72. [BACK]
This post was written by
Thom Stark – who has written 100 posts on Religion at the Margins.
Thom Stark is a multi-award-winning filmmaker whose filmography includes Dear Whiskey, and the award-winning films Who Art in Heaven, Revolution, and Note to Self. He is the author of The Human Faces of God: What Scripture Reveals When It Gets God Wrong (and Why Inerrancy Tries To Hide It). Thom was a Fig Tree and Ledbetter scholar at Emmanuel School of Religion, A Graduate Seminary. Thom has lectured on Second Temple Jewish apocalypticism, Christian origins, the Parables of Jesus, and early Christological controversies. He has also been the recipient of numerous lectures on tact.
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